The Relationship of Computer Vision Syndrome to Musculoskeletal Disorders

Eye movements, eye focusing, and eye alignment processes involve repetitious muscular activity. The movement of each of the eyes is controlled by six extra-ocular muscles(5) that are responsible for proper alignment of the eyes when viewing objects such as the computer screen. The ability of the eyes to change focus is controlled by the ciliary muscle, which exerts a force on the internal lens of the eye.(6) In many respects, many computer related vision problems can be considered a form of musculoskeletal disorder, commonly referred to as cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) or repetitive stress injuries (RSI).(7) The relationship between computer related vision problems and RSI include:

• Symptoms are work related and associated with repetitive activity -- The development of computer vision syndrome is related to the unique aspects of the task. Working at a computer is more visually demanding than doing other standard office work such as reading printed documents. Aspects of the design of the computer video display such as screen resolution and contrast, image refresh rates and flicker, and screen glare, as well as working distances and angles all may contribute to worker symptoms.(8,9)

• Repetitive eye movements: In order to accomplish specific computer related tasks, frequent eye movements from work documents to the computer screen, or from the screen to the keyboard and back again, are used. In addition, as the object being viewed changes, so does the need for a change in eye focusing to maintain a clear image. These changes occur repeatedly during computer work. The flexibility of the lens within the eye gradually decreases with age resulting in a condition called presbyopia, which affects most people after about age 40. As a result, individuals are unable to adequately focus on close work and computer screens without a proper spectacle lens correction.(10)

• Problems are related to disorders of muscles, tendons, bones, or nerves -- Ocular motility, accommodative and vergence disorders are due to problems with the neuromuscular control mechanisms of these functions.

• Problems occur or are aggravated by repeated movements -- The visual symptoms that occur from working at a computer are the result of repeatedly stressing some aspect of the eyes or visual system. Asthenopia and visual symptoms result from the task difficulty and duration stressing the accommodative and eye coordination systems.

• A lengthy period of time is required for the problems to develop and for the individual to recover -- Although vision disorders may occur as localized fatigue and subside after discontinuance of work, they often return the next day when work is resumed. Unlike other forms of localized fatigue, the visual system is not able to adapt to the conditions that cause the fatigue so that it no longer occurs with regular exposure. Some vision problems may become more significant over time.(11)

REFERENCES

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